What does two-factor authentication (2FA) entail?

Two-factor authentication (2FA) is a security mechanism designed to enhance the protection of user accounts by requiring the use of two different forms of authentication. This method typically combines something the user knows (like a password) with something the user has (such as a smartphone for a text message or an authentication application) or something the user is (like a fingerprint or facial recognition). The key component of 2FA is the dual-layered approach, which significantly reduces the likelihood of unauthorized access because an attacker would need to obtain both pieces of information to successfully gain entry to an account.

In contrast, verifying identity through a single piece of information does not meet the requirements of 2FA, as it lacks the second factor necessary for enhanced security. Relying exclusively on biometric methods narrows the focus to just one type of authentication, which does not constitute two-factor authentication unless combined with another method. Additionally, implementing password complexity requirements, while important for securing passwords, does not involve the use of a second authentication factor and therefore does not classify as 2FA.